Getting Started with WebRTC

Real-time communication without plugins

Imagine a world where your phone, TV and computer could all communicate on a common platform. Imagine it was easy to add video chat and peer-to-peer data sharing to your web application. That’s the vision of WebRTC.

Want to try it out? WebRTC is available now in Google Chrome, Opera and Firefox. A good place to start is the simple video chat application at apprtc.appspot.com:

1. Open apprtc.appspot.com in Chrome, Opera or Firefox.
2. Click the Allow button to let the app use your web cam.
3. Open the URL displayed at the bottom of the page in a new tab or, better still, on a different computer.

There is a walkthrough of this application later in this article.

Quick start

Haven’t got time to read this article, or just want code?

1. Get an overview of WebRTC from the Google I/O presentation (the slides are here):

2. If you haven’t used getUserMedia, take a look at the HTML5 Rocks article on the subject, and view the source for the simple example at simpl.info/gum.
3. Get to grips with the RTCPeerConnection API by reading through the simple example below and the demo at simpl.info/pc, which implements WebRTC on a single web page.
4. Learn more about how WebRTC uses servers for signaling, and firewall and NAT traversal, by reading through the code and console logs from apprtc.appspot.com.

Alternatively, jump straight into our WebRTC codelab: a step-by-step guide that explains how to build a complete video chat app, including a simple signaling server.

A very short history of WebRTC

One of the last major challenges for the web is to enable human communication via voice and video: Real Time Communication, RTC for short. RTC should be as natural in a web application as entering text in a text input. Without it, we’re limited in our ability to innovate and develop new ways for people to interact.

Historically, RTC has been corporate and complex, requiring expensive audio and video technologies to be licensed or developed in house. Integrating RTC technology with existing content, data and services has been difficult and time consuming, particularly on the web.

Gmail video chat became popular in 2008, and in 2011 Google introduced Hangouts, which use the Google Talk service (as does Gmail). Google bought GIPS, a company which had developed many components required for RTC, such as codecs and echo cancellation techniques. Google open sourced the technologies developed by GIPS and engaged with relevant standards bodies at the IETF and W3C to ensure industry consensus. In May 2011, Ericsson built the first implementation of WebRTC.

WebRTC has now implemented open standards for real-time, plugin-free video, audio and data communication. The need is real:

• Many web services already use RTC, but need downloads, native apps or plugins. These includes Skype, Facebook (which uses Skype) and Google Hangouts (which use the Google Talk plugin).
• Downloading, installing and updating plugins can be complex, error prone and annoying.
• Plugins can be difficult to deploy, debug, troubleshoot, test and maintain—and may require licensing and integration with complex, expensive technology. It’s often difficult to persuade people to install plugins in the first place!

The guiding principles of the WebRTC project are that its APIs should be open source, free, standardized, built into web browsers and more efficient than existing technologies.

Where are we now?

WebRTC implements three APIs:

• MediaStream (aka getUserMedia)
• [RTCPeerConnection](#toc-rtcpeerconnection "Internal link to section for RTCPeerConnection")
• RTCDataChannel

**getUserMedia** is available in Chrome, Opera and Firefox. Take a look at the cross-browser demo at simpl.info/gum and Chris Wilson’s amazing examples using getUserMedia as input for Web Audio.

**RTCPeerConnection** is in Chrome (on desktop and for Android), Opera (on desktop and in the latest Android Beta) and in Firefox. A word of explanation about the name: after several iterations, RTCPeerConnection is currently implemented by Chrome and Opera as webkitRTCPeerConnection and by Firefox as mozRTCPeerConnection. Other names and implementations have been deprecated. When the standards process has stabilized, the prefixes will be removed. There’s an ultra-simple demo of Chromium’s RTCPeerConnection implementation at simpl.info/pc and a great video chat application at apprtc.appspot.com. This app uses adapter.js, a JavaScript shim, maintained Google, that abstracts away browser differences and spec changes.

RTCDataChannel is supported by Chrome 25, Opera 18 and Firefox 22 and above.

WebRTC functionality is available in Internet Explorer via Chrome Frame, and Skype (acquired by Microsoft in 2011) is reputedly planning to use WebRTC. WebRTC has also been integrated with WebKitGTK+ and Qt native apps.

A word of warning

Be skeptical of reports that a platform ‘supports WebRTC’. Often this actually just means that getUserMedia is supported, but not any of the other RTC components.

My first WebRTC

WebRTC applications need to do several things:

• Get streaming audio, video or other data.
• Get network information such as IP addresses and ports, and exchange this with other WebRTC clients (known as peers) to enable connection, even through NATs and firewalls.
• Coordinate signaling communication to report errors and initiate or close sessions.
• Exchange information about media and client capability, such as resolution and codecs.
• Communicate streaming audio, video or data.

To acquire and communicate streaming data, WebRTC implements the following APIs:

• MediaStream: get access to data streams, such as from the user’s camera and microphone.
• RTCPeerConnection: audio or video calling, with facilities for encryption and bandwidth management.
• RTCDataChannel: peer-to-peer communication of generic data.

(There is detailed discussion of the network and signaling aspects of WebRTC below.)

MediaStream (aka getUserMedia)

The MediaStream API represents synchronized streams of media. For example, a stream taken from camera and microphone input has synchronized video and audio tracks. (Don’t confuse MediaStream tracks with the element, which is something entirely different.)

Probably the easiest way to understand MediaStream is to look at it in the wild:

1. In Chrome or Opera, open the demo at simpl.info/gum.
2. Open the console.
3. Inspect the stream variable, which is in global scope.

Each MediaStream has an input, which might be a MediaStream generated by navigator.getUserMedia(), and an output, which might be passed to a video element or an RTCPeerConnection.

The getUserMedia() method takes three parameters:

• A constraints object.
• A success callback which, if called, is passed a MediaStream.
• A failure callback which, if called, is passed an error object.

Each MediaStream has a label, such as’Xk7EuLhsuHKbnjLWkW4yYGNJJ8ONsgwHBvLQ’. An array of MediaStreamTracks is returned by the getAudioTracks() and getVideoTracks() methods.

For the simpl.info/gum example, stream.getAudioTracks() returns an empty array (because there’s no audio) and, assuming a working webcam is connected, stream.getVideoTracks() returns an array of one MediaStreamTrack representing the stream from the webcam. Each MediaStreamTrack has a kind (‘video’ or ‘audio’), and a label (something like ‘FaceTime HD Camera (Built-in)’), and represents one or more channels of either audio or video. In this case, there is only one video track and no audio, but it is easy to imagine use cases where there are more: for example, a chat application that gets streams from the front camera, rear camera, microphone, and a ‘screenshared’ application.

In Chrome or Opera, the URL.createObjectURL() method converts a MediaStream to a Blob URL which can be set as the src of a video element. (In Firefox and Opera, the src of the video can be set from the stream itself.) Since version 25, Chromium-based browsers (Chrome and Opera) allow audio data from getUserMedia to be passed to an audio or video element (but note that by default the media element will be muted in this case).

getUserMedia can also be used as an input node for the Web Audio API:

function gotStream(stream) {
    window.AudioContext = window.AudioContext || window.webkitAudioContext;
    var audioContext = new AudioContext();

    // Create an AudioNode from the stream
    var mediaStreamSource = audioContext.createMediaStreamSource(stream);

    // Connect it to destination to hear yourself
    // or any other node for processing!
    mediaStreamSource.connect(audioContext.destination);
}

navigator.getUserMedia({audio:true}, gotStream);

Chromium-based apps and extensions can also incorporate getUserMedia. Adding audioCapture and/or videoCapture permissions to the manifest enables permission to be requested and granted only once, on installation. Thereafter the user is not asked for permission for camera or microphone access.

Likewise on pages using HTTPS: permission only has to be granted once for for getUserMedia() (in Chrome at least). First time around, an Always Allow button is displayed in the browser’s infobar.

The intention is eventually to enable a MediaStream for any streaming data source, not just a camera or microphone. This would enable streaming from disc, or from arbitrary data sources such as sensors or other inputs.

Note that getUserMedia() must be used on a server, not the local file system, otherwise a PERMISSION_DENIED: 1 error will be thrown.

getUserMedia() really comes to life in combination with other JavaScript APIs and libraries:

• Webcam Toy is a photobooth app that uses WebGL to add weird and wonderful effects to photos which can be shared or saved locally.
• FaceKat is a ‘face tracking’ game built with headtrackr.js.
• ASCII Camera uses the Canvas API to generate ASCII images.

(http://idevelop.ro/ascii-camera/ “ASCII Camera app”)

Constraints

Constraints have been implemented since Chrome 24 and Opera 18. These can be used to set values for video resolution for getUserMedia() and RTCPeerConnection addStream() calls. The intention is to implement support for other constraints such as aspect ratio, facing mode (front or back camera), frame rate, height and width, along with an applyConstraints() method.

There’s an example at simpl.info/getusermedia/constraints.

One gotcha: getUserMedia constraints set in one browser tab affect constraints for all tabs opened subsequently. Setting a disallowed value for constraints gives a rather cryptic error message:

navigator.getUserMedia error:
NavigatorUserMediaError {code: 1, PERMISSION_DENIED: 1}

Screen and tab capture

It’s also possible to use screen capture as a MediaStream source. This is currently implemented in Chrome using the experimental chromeMediaSource constraint, as in this demo. This feature is not yet available in Opera. Note that screen capture requires HTTPS.

Chrome apps also now make it possible to share a live ‘video’ of a single browser tab via the experimental chrome.tabCapture API. For a screencast, code and more information, see the HTML5 Rocks update: Screensharing with WebRTC. This feature is not yet available in Opera.

Signaling: session control, network and media information

WebRTC uses RTCPeerConnection to communicate streaming data between browsers (aka peers), but also needs a mechanism to coordinate communication and to send control messages, a process known as signaling. Signaling methods and protocols are not specified by WebRTC: signaling is not part of the RTCPeerConnection API.

Instead, WebRTC app developers can choose whatever messaging protocol they prefer, such as SIP or XMPP, and any appropriate duplex (two-way) communication channel. The apprtc.appspot.com example uses XHR and the Channel API as the signaling mechanism. The codelab we built uses Socket.io running on a Node server.

Signaling is used to exchange three types of information.

• Session control messages: to initialize or close communication and report errors.
• Network configuration: to the outside world, what’s my computer’s IP address and port?
• Media capabilities: what codecs and resolutions can be handled by my browser and the browser it wants to communicate with?

The exchange of information via signaling must have completed successfully before peer-to-peer streaming can begin.

For example, imagine Alice wants to communicate with Bob. Here’s a code sample from the WebRTC W3C Working Draft, which shows the signaling process in action. The code assumes the existence of some signaling mechanism, created in the createSignalingChannel() method. Also note that on Chrome and Opera, RTCPeerConnection is currently prefixed.

var signalingChannel = createSignalingChannel();
var pc;
var configuration = ...;

// run start(true) to initiate a call
function start(isCaller) {
    pc = new RTCPeerConnection(configuration);

    // send any ice candidates to the other peer
    pc.onicecandidate = function (evt) {
        signalingChannel.send(JSON.stringify({ "candidate": evt.candidate }));
    };

    // once remote stream arrives, show it in the remote video element
    pc.onaddstream = function (evt) {
        remoteView.src = URL.createObjectURL(evt.stream);
    };

    // get the local stream, show it in the local video element and send it
    navigator.getUserMedia({ "audio": true, "video": true }, function (stream) {
        selfView.src = URL.createObjectURL(stream);
        pc.addStream(stream);

        if (isCaller)
            pc.createOffer(gotDescription);
        else
            pc.createAnswer(pc.remoteDescription, gotDescription);

        function gotDescription(desc) {
            pc.setLocalDescription(desc);
            signalingChannel.send(JSON.stringify({ "sdp": desc }));
        }
    });
}

signalingChannel.onmessage = function (evt) {
    if (!pc)
        start(false);

    var signal = JSON.parse(evt.data);
    if (signal.sdp)
        pc.setRemoteDescription(new RTCSessionDescription(signal.sdp));
    else
        pc.addIceCandidate(new RTCIceCandidate(signal.candidate));
};

First up, Alice and Bob exchange network information. (The expression ‘finding candidates’ refers to the process of finding network interfaces and ports using the ICE framework.)

1. Alice creates an RTCPeerConnection object with an onicecandidate handler.
2. The handler is run when network candidates become available.
3. Alice sends serialized candidate data to Bob, via whatever signaling channel they are using: WebSocket or some other mechanism.
4. When Bob gets a candidate message from Alice, he calls addIceCandidate, to add the candidate to the remote peer description.

WebRTC clients (known as peers, aka Alice and Bob) also need to ascertain and exchange local and remote audio and video media information, such as resolution and codec capabilities. Signaling to exchange media configuration information proceeds by exchanging an offer and an answer using the Session Description Protocol (SDP):

1. Alice runs the RTCPeerConnection createOffer() method. The callback argument of this is passed an RTCSessionDescription: Alice’s local session description.
2. In the callback, Alice sets the local description using setLocalDescription() and then sends this session description to Bob via their signaling channel. Note that RTCPeerConnection won’t start gathering candidates until setLocalDescription() is called: this is codified in JSEP IETF draft.
3. Bob sets the description Alice sent him as the remote description using setRemoteDescription().
4. Bob runs the RTCPeerConnection createAnswer() method, passing it the remote description he got from Alice, so a local session can be generated that is compatible with hers. The createAnswer() callback is passed an RTCSessionDescription: Bob sets that as the local description and sends it to Alice.
5. When Alice gets Bob’s session description, she sets that as the remote description with setRemoteDescription.
6. Ping!

RTCSessionDescription objects are blobs that conform to the Session Description Protocol, SDP. Serialized, an SDP object looks like this:

v=0
o=- 3883943731 1 IN IP4 127.0.0.1
s=
t=0 0
a=group:BUNDLE audio video
m=audio 1 RTP/SAVPF 103 104 0 8 106 105 13 126

// ...

a=ssrc:2223794119 label:H4fjnMzxy3dPIgQ7HxuCTLb4wLLLeRHnFxh810

The acquisition and exchange of network and media information can be done simultaneously, but both processes must have completed before audio and video streaming between peers can begin.

The offer/answer architecture described above is called JSEP, JavaScript Session Establishment Protocol. (There’s an excellent animation explaining the process of signaling and streaming in Ericsson’s demo video for its first WebRTC implementation.)

Once the signaling process has completed successfully, data can be streamed directly peer to peer, between the caller and callee—or if that fails, via an intermediary relay server (more about that below). Streaming is the job of RTCPeerConnection.

RTCPeerConnection

RTCPeerConnection is the WebRTC component that handles stable and efficient communication of streaming data between peers.

Below is a WebRTC architecture diagram showing the role of RTCPeerConnection. As you will notice, the green parts are complex!

(http://www.webrtc.org/reference/architecture “webrtc.org: architecture diagram”)

From a JavaScript perspective, the main thing to understand from this diagram is that RTCPeerConnection shields web developers from the myriad complexities that lurk beneath. The codecs and protocols used by WebRTC do a huge amount of work to make real-time communication possible, even over unreliable networks:

• packet loss concealment
• echo cancellation
• bandwidth adaptivity
• dynamic jitter buffering
• automatic gain control
• noise reduction and suppression
• image ‘cleaning’.

The W3C code above shows a simplified example of WebRTC from a signaling perspective. Below are walkthroughs of two working WebRTC applications: the first is a simple example to demonstrate RTCPeerConnection; the second is a fully operational video chat client.

RTCPeerConnection without servers

The code below is taken from the ‘single page’ WebRTC demo at webrtc-demos.appspot.com, which has local and remote RTCPeerConnection (and local and remote video) on one web page. This doesn’t constitute anything very useful—caller and callee are on the same page—but it does make the workings of the RTCPeerConnection API a little clearer, since the RTCPeerConnection objects on the page can exchange data and messages directly without having to use intermediary signaling mechanisms.

One gotcha: the optional second ‘constraints’ parameter of the RTCPeerConnection() constructor is different from the constraints type used by getUserMedia(): see w3.org/TR/webrtc/#constraints for more information.

In this example, pc1 represents the local peer (caller) and pc2 represents the remote peer (callee).

Caller

1. Create a new RTCPeerConnection and add the stream from getUserMedia():

   // servers is an optional config file (see TURN and STUN discussion below)
   pc1 = new webkitRTCPeerConnection(servers);
   // ...
   pc1.addStream(localstream); 
   

2. Create an offer and set it as the local description for pc1 and as the remote description for pc2. This can be done directly in the code without using signaling, because both caller and callee are on the same page:

   pc1.createOffer(gotDescription1);
   //...
   function gotDescription1(desc){
     pc1.setLocalDescription(desc);
     trace("Offer from pc1 \n" + desc.sdp);
     pc2.setRemoteDescription(desc);
     pc2.createAnswer(gotDescription2);
   }
   

Callee

1. Create pc2 and, when the stream from pc1 is added, display it in a video element:

   pc2 = new webkitRTCPeerConnection(servers);
   pc2.onaddstream = gotRemoteStream;
   //...
   function gotRemoteStream(e){
     vid2.src = URL.createObjectURL(e.stream);
   }
   

RTCPeerConnection plus servers

In the real world, WebRTC needs servers, however simple, so the following can happen:

• Users discover each other and exchange ‘real world’ details such as names.
• WebRTC client applications (peers) exchange network information.
• Peers exchange data about media such as video format and resolution.
• WebRTC client applications traverse NAT gateways and firewalls.

In other words, WebRTC needs four types of server-side functionality:

• User discovery and communication.
• Signaling.
• NAT/firewall traversal.
• Relay servers in case peer-to-peer communication fails.

NAT traversal, peer-to-peer networking, and the requirements for building a server app for user discovery and signaling, are beyond the scope of this article. Suffice to say that the STUN protocol and its extension TURN are used by the ICE framework to enable RTCPeerConnection to cope with NAT traversal and other network vagaries.

ICE is a framework for connecting peers, such as two video chat clients. Initially, ICE tries to connect peers directly, with the lowest possible latency, via UDP. In this process, STUN servers have a single task: to enable a peer behind a NAT to find out its public address and port. (Google has a couple of STUN severs, one of which is used in the apprtc.appspot.com example.)

If UDP fails, ICE tries TCP: first HTTP, then HTTPS. If direct connection fails—in particular, because of enterprise NAT traversal and firewalls—ICE uses an intermediary (relay) TURN server. In other words, ICE will first use STUN with UDP to directly connect peers and, if that fails, will fall back to a TURN relay server. The expression ‘finding candidates’ refers to the process of finding network interfaces and ports.

WebRTC engineer Justin Uberti provides more information about ICE, STUN and TURN in the 2013 Google I/O WebRTC presentation. (The presentation slides give examples of TURN and STUN server implementations.)

A simple video chat client

The walkthrough below describes the signaling mechanism used by apprtc.appspot.com.

If you find this somewhat baffling, you may prefer our WebRTC codelab. This step-by-step guide explains how to build a complete video chat application, including a simple signaling server built with Socket.io running on a Node server.

A good place to try out WebRTC, complete with signaling and NAT/firewall traversal using a STUN server, is the video chat demo at apprtc.appspot.com. This app uses adapter.js to cope with different RTCPeerConnection and getUserMedia() implementations.

The code is deliberately verbose in its logging: check the console to understand the order of events. Below we give a detailed walk-through of the code.

What’s going on?

The demo starts by running the initalize() function:

function initialize() {
    console.log("Initializing; room=99688636.");
    card = document.getElementById("card");
    localVideo = document.getElementById("localVideo");
    miniVideo = document.getElementById("miniVideo");
    remoteVideo = document.getElementById("remoteVideo");
    resetStatus();
    openChannel('AHRlWrqvgCpvbd9B-Gl5vZ2F1BlpwFv0xBUwRgLF/* ...*/');
    doGetUserMedia();
}

Note that values such as the room variable and the token used by openChannel(), are provided by the Google App Engine app itself: take a look at the index.html template in the repository to see what values are added.

This code initializes variables for the HTML video elements that will display video streams from the local camera (localVideo) and from the camera on the remote client (remoteVideo). resetStatus() simply sets a status message.

The openChannel() function sets up messaging between WebRTC clients:

function openChannel(channelToken) {
  console.log("Opening channel.");
  var channel = new goog.appengine.Channel(channelToken);
  var handler = {
    'onopen': onChannelOpened,
    'onmessage': onChannelMessage,
    'onerror': onChannelError,
    'onclose': onChannelClosed
  };
  socket = channel.open(handler);
}

For signaling, this demo uses the Google App Engine Channel API, which enables messaging between JavaScript clients without polling. (WebRTC signaling is covered in more detail above).

Establishing a channel with the Channel API works like this:

1. Client A generates a unique ID.
2. Client A requests a Channel token from the App Engine app, passing its ID.
3. App Engine app requests a channel and a token for the client’s ID from the Channel API.
4. App sends the token to Client A.
5. Client A opens a socket and listens on the channel set up on the server.

Sending a message works like this:

1. Client B makes a POST request to the App Engine app with an update.
2. The App Engine app passes a request to the channel.
3. The channel carries a message to Client A.
4. Client A’s onmessage callback is called.

Just to reiterate: signaling messages are communicated via whatever mechanism the developer chooses: the signaling mechanism is not specified by WebRTC. The Channel API is used in this demo, but other methods (such as WebSocket) could be used instead.

After the call to openChannel(), the getUserMedia() function called by initialize() checks if the browser supports the getUserMedia API. (Find out more about getUserMedia on HTML5 Rocks.) If all is well, onUserMediaSuccess is called:

function onUserMediaSuccess(stream) {
  console.log("User has granted access to local media.");
  // Call the polyfill wrapper to attach the media stream to this element.
  attachMediaStream(localVideo, stream);
  localVideo.style.opacity = 1;
  localStream = stream;
  // Caller creates PeerConnection.
  if (initiator) maybeStart();
}

This causes video from the local camera to be displayed in the localVideo element, by creating an object (Blob) URL for the camera’s data stream and then setting that URL as the src for the element. (createObjectURL is used here as a way to get a URI for an ‘in memory’ binary resource, i.e. the LocalDataStream for the video.) The data stream is also set as the value of localStream, which is subsequently made available to the remote user.

At this point, initiator has been set to 1 (and it stays that way until the caller’s session has terminated) so maybeStart() is called:

function maybeStart() {
  if (!started && localStream && channelReady) {
    // ...
    createPeerConnection();
    // ...
    pc.addStream(localStream);
    started = true;
    // Caller initiates offer to peer.
    if (initiator)
      doCall();
  }
}

This function uses a handy construct when working with multiple asynchronous callbacks: maybeStart() may be called by any one of several functions, but the code in it is run only when localStream has been defined and channelReady has been set to true and communication hasn’t already started. So—if a connection hasn’t already been made, and a local stream is available, and a channel is ready for signaling, a connection is created and passed the local video stream. Once that happens, started is set to true, so a connection won’t be started more than once.

RTCPeerConnection: making a call

createPeerConnection(), called by maybeStart(), is where the real action begins:

function createPeerConnection() {
  var pc_config = {"iceServers": [{"url": "stun:stun.l.google.com:19302"}]};
  try {
    // Create an RTCPeerConnection via the polyfill (adapter.js).
    pc = new RTCPeerConnection(pc_config);
    pc.onicecandidate = onIceCandidate;
    console.log("Created RTCPeerConnnection with config:\n" + "  \"" +
      JSON.stringify(pc_config) + "\".");
  } catch (e) {
    console.log("Failed to create PeerConnection, exception: " + e.message);
    alert("Cannot create RTCPeerConnection object; WebRTC is not supported by this browser.");
      return;
  }

  pc.onconnecting = onSessionConnecting;
  pc.onopen = onSessionOpened;
  pc.onaddstream = onRemoteStreamAdded;
  pc.onremovestream = onRemoteStreamRemoved;
}

The underlying purpose is to set up a connection, using a STUN server, with onIceCandidate() as the callback (see above for an explanation of ICE, STUN and ‘candidate’). Handlers are then set for each of the RTCPeerConnection events: when a session is connecting or open, and when a remote stream is added or removed. In fact, in this example these handlers only log status messages—except for onRemoteStreamAdded(), which sets the source for the remoteVideo element:

function onRemoteStreamAdded(event) {
  // ...
  miniVideo.src = localVideo.src;
  attachMediaStream(remoteVideo, event.stream);
  remoteStream = event.stream;
  waitForRemoteVideo();
}

Once createPeerConnection() has been invoked in maybeStart(), a call is intitiated by creating and offer and sending it to the callee:

function doCall() {
  console.log("Sending offer to peer.");
  pc.createOffer(setLocalAndSendMessage, null, mediaConstraints);
}

The offer creation process here is similar to the no-signaling example above but, in addition, a message is sent to the remote peer, giving a serialized SessionDescription for the offer. This process is handled by setLocalAndSendMessage():

function setLocalAndSendMessage(sessionDescription) {
  // Set Opus as the preferred codec in SDP if Opus is present.
  sessionDescription.sdp = preferOpus(sessionDescription.sdp);
  pc.setLocalDescription(sessionDescription);
  sendMessage(sessionDescription);
}

Signaling with the Channel API

The onIceCandidate() callback invoked when the RTCPeerConnection is successfully created in createPeerConnection() sends information about candidates as they are ‘gathered’:

function onIceCandidate(event) {
    if (event.candidate) {
      sendMessage({type: 'candidate',
        label: event.candidate.sdpMLineIndex,
        id: event.candidate.sdpMid,
        candidate: event.candidate.candidate});
    } else {
      console.log("End of candidates.");
    }
  }

Outbound messaging, from the client to the server, is done by sendMessage() with an XHR request:

function sendMessage(message) {
  var msgString = JSON.stringify(message);
  console.log('C->S: ' + msgString);
  path = '/message?r=99688636' + '&u=92246248';
  var xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
  xhr.open('POST', path, true);
  xhr.send(msgString);
}

XHR works fine for sending signaling messages from the client to the server, but some mechanism is needed for server-to-client messaging: this application uses the Google App Engine Channel API. Messages from the API (i.e. from the App Engine server) are handled by processSignalingMessage():

function processSignalingMessage(message) {
  var msg = JSON.parse(message);

  if (msg.type === 'offer') {
    // Callee creates PeerConnection
    if (!initiator && !started)
      maybeStart();

    pc.setRemoteDescription(new RTCSessionDescription(msg));
    doAnswer();
  } else if (msg.type === 'answer' && started) {
    pc.setRemoteDescription(new RTCSessionDescription(msg));
  } else if (msg.type === 'candidate' && started) {
    var candidate = new RTCIceCandidate({sdpMLineIndex:msg.label,
                                         candidate:msg.candidate});
    pc.addIceCandidate(candidate);
  } else if (msg.type === 'bye' && started) {
    onRemoteHangup();
  }
}

If the message is an answer from a peer (a response to an offer), RTCPeerConnection sets the remote SessionDescription and communication can begin. If the message is an offer (i.e. a message from the callee) RTCPeerConnection sets the remote SessionDescription, sends an answer to the callee, and starts connection by invoking the RTCPeerConnection startIce() method:

function doAnswer() {
  console.log("Sending answer to peer.");
  pc.createAnswer(setLocalAndSendMessage, null, mediaConstraints);
}

And that’s it! The caller and callee have discovered each other and exchanged information about their capabilities, a call session is initiated, and real-time data communication can begin.

Network topologies

WebRTC as currently implemented only supports one-to-one communication, but could be used in more complex network scenarios: for example, with multiple peers each communicating each other directly, peer-to-peer, or via a Multipoint Control Unit (MCU), a server that can handle large numbers of participants and do selective stream forwarding, and mixing or recording of audio and video:

Many existing WebRTC apps only demonstrate communication between web browsers, but gateway servers can enable a WebRTC app running on a browser to interact with devices such as telephones (aka PSTN) and with VOIP systems. In May 2012, Doubango Telecom open-sourced the sipml5 SIP client, built with WebRTC and WebSocket which (among other potential uses) enables video calls between browsers and apps running on iOS or Android. At Google I/O, Tethr and Tropo demonstrated a framework for disaster communications ‘in a briefcase’, using an OpenBTS cell to enable communications between feature phones and computers via WebRTC. Telephone communication without a carrier!

RTCDataChannel

As well as audio and video, WebRTC supports real-time communication for other types of data.

The RTCDataChannel API enables peer-to-peer exchange of arbitrary data, with low latency and high throughput. There’s a simple ‘single page’ demo at simpl.info/dc.

There are many potential use cases for the API, including:

• Gaming
• Remote desktop applications
• Real-time text chat
• File transfer
• Decentralized networks

The API has several features to make the most of RTCPeerConnection and enable powerful and flexible peer-to-peer communication:

• Leveraging of RTCPeerConnection session setup.
• Multiple simultaneous channels, with prioritization.
• Reliable and unreliable delivery semantics.
• Built-in security (DTLS) and congestion control.
• Ability to use with or without audio or video.

The syntax is deliberately similar to WebSocket, with a send() method and a message event:

var pc = new webkitRTCPeerConnection(servers,
  {optional: [{RtpDataChannels: true}]});

pc.ondatachannel = function(event) {
  receiveChannel = event.channel;
  receiveChannel.onmessage = function(event){
    document.querySelector("div#receive").innerHTML = event.data;
  };
};

sendChannel = pc.createDataChannel("sendDataChannel", {reliable: false});

document.querySelector("button#send").onclick = function (){
  var data = document.querySelector("textarea#send").value;
  sendChannel.send(data);
};

Communication occurs directly between browsers, so RTCDataChannel can be much faster than WebSocket even if a relay (TURN) server is required when ‘hole punching’ to cope with firewalls and NATs fails.

RTCDataChannel is available in Chrome, Opera and Firefox. The magnificent Cube Slam game uses the API to communicate game state: play a friend or play the bear! Sharefest enables file sharing via RTCDataChannel, and peerCDN offers a glimpse of how WebRTC could enable peer-to-peer content distribution.

For more information about RTCDataChannel, take a look at the IETF’s draft protocol spec.

Security

There are several ways a real-time communication application or plugin might compromise security. For example:

• Unencrypted media or data might be intercepted en route between browsers, or between a browser and a server.
• An application might record and distribute video or audio without the user knowing.
• Malware or viruses might be installed alongside an apparently innocuous plugin or application.

WebRTC has several features to avoid these problems:

• WebRTC implementations use secure protocols such as DTLS and SRTP.
• Encryption is mandatory for all WebRTC components, including signaling mechanisms.
• WebRTC is not a plugin: its components run in the browser sandbox and not in a separate process, components do not require separate installation, and are updated whenever the browser is updated.
• Camera and microphone access must be granted explicitly and, when the camera or microphone are running, this is clearly shown by the user interface.

A full discussion of security for streaming media is out of scope for this article. For more information, see the WebRTC Security Architecture proposed by the IETF.

In conclusion

The APIs and standards of WebRTC can democratize and decentralize tools for content creation and communication—for telephony, gaming, video production, music making, news gathering and many other applications.

Technology doesn’t get much more disruptive than this.

We look forward to what JavaScript developers make of WebRTC as it becomes widely implemented. As blogger Phil Edholm put it, ‘Potentially, WebRTC and HTML5 could enable the same transformation for real-time communications that the original browser did for information.’

Developer tools

• The chrome://webrtc-internals page in Chrome (or the **opera://webrtc-internals page in Opera) provides detailed stats and charts when a WebRTC session is in progress:

  

• Cross browser interop notes
• adapter.js is a JavaScript shim for WebRTC, maintained by Google, that abstracts vendor prefixes, browser differences and spec changes
• To learn more about WebRTC signaling processes, check the apprtc.appspot.com log output to the console
• If it’s all too much, you may prefer to use a WebRTC framework or even a complete WebRTC service
• Bug reports and feature requests are always appreciated: crbug.com/new for Chrome bugs, bugs.opera.com/wizard/ for Opera, bugzilla.mozilla.org for Firefox

Learn more

• WebRTC presentation at Google I/O 2013 (the slides are at io13webrtc.appspot.com)
• Justin Uberti’s WebRTC session at Google I/O 2012
• Alan B. Johnston and Daniel C. Burnett maintain a WebRTC book, now in its second edition in print and eBook formats: webrtcbook.com
• webrtc.org is home to all things WebRTC: demos, documentation and discussion
• webrtc.org demo page: links to demos
• discuss-webrtc: Google Group for technical WebRTC discussion
• +webrtc
• @webrtc
• Google Developers Google Talk documentation, which gives more information about NAT traversal, STUN, relay servers and candidate gathering
• Stack Overflow is a good place to look for answers and ask questions about WebRTC

Standards and protocols

• The WebRTC W3C Editor’s Draft
• W3C Editor’s Draft: Media Capture and Streams (aka getUserMedia)
• IETF Working Group Charter
• IETF WebRTC Data Channel Protocol Draft
• IETF JSEP Draft
• IETF proposed standard for ICE
• IETF RTCWEB Working Group Internet-Draft: Web Real-Time Communication Use-cases and Requirements

WebRTC support summary

MediaStream and getUserMedia

• Chrome desktop 18.0.1008+; Chrome for Android 29+
• Opera 18+; Opera for Android 20+
• Opera 12, Opera Mobile 12 (based on the Presto engine)
• Firefox 17+

RTCPeerConnection

• Chrome desktop 20+ (now ‘flagless’, i.e. no need to set about:flags); Chrome for Android 29+ (flagless)
• Opera 18+ (on by default); Opera for Android 20+ (on by default)
• Firefox 22+ (on by default)

RTCDataChannel

• Experimental version in Chrome 25, more stable (and with Firefox interoperability) in Chrome 26+; Chrome for Android 29+
• Stable version (and with Firefox interoperability) in Opera 18+; Opera for Android 20+
• Firefox 22+ (on by default)

WebRTC support is available for Internet Explorer via Chrome Frame: demo screencast and links to documentation.

Native APIs for RTCPeerConnection are also available: documentation on webrtc.org.

For more detailed information about cross-platform support for APIs such as getUserMedia, see caniuse.com.

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